The Official ARP Web Site. The following material is intended to provide a brief overview of the metallurgical considerations that, daily, influence the design and production of the most reliable fasteners in motorsports. It is hoped that a simple understanding of the knowledge and commitment required to produce this reliability will make your future fastener decisions much, much easier. What is grain size and how important is it? Metals freeze from the liquid state during melting from many origins (called allotropic) and each one of these origins grows until it bumps into another during freezing.
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Each of these is a grain and in castings, they are fairly large. Grains can be refined (made smaller); therefore, many more of them can occupy the same space, by first cold working and then by recrystallizing at high temperature. Alloy steels, like chrome moly, do not need any cold work; to do this – reheat treatment will refine the grain size. But austenitic steels and aluminum require cold work first. Grain size is very important for mechanical properties.
High temperature creep properties are enhanced by large grains but good toughness and fatigue require fine grain size- the finer the better. With 1. 0 being the finest. How do you get toughness vs.
1997 Ford F-150 TSBs (Technical Service Bulletins) from the NHTSA.
At too high a strength, the metal tends to be brittle. And threads accentuate the brittleness. A tool steel which can be heat- treated to 3.
Define Rockwell as we use it. Why do we use the C scale? The man’s name was Rockwell and he developed a means of measuring hardness of metals which was superior to other methods. A Rockwell hardness tester measures the depth of penetration into the metal when a load is applied. For hard materials, a diamond penetrator is used. For soft material, small balls are used – 1/1.
We use the C scale for the 1. The C scale uses the greatest load – 1. Kg. The A scale uses only a 6.
Kg. It is necessary to use the A scale for thin sheets because using the 1. Kg load would cause the diamond to penetrate almost all the way through. What is “micro hardness?”Some parts are too small to be Rockwell hardness tested. They are placed in hard plastic and a microscope is used to place a small indenter into the metal.
Using the microscope the length of the impression is measured. How does modulus of elasticity refer to our products? The modulus of elasticity of all alloy steels is exactly the same – 3. This is true whether it is heat- treated or not – whether it is 1. Metals are like a spring – put a load on them and they will stretch – double the load and they will stretch double. This is important in connecting rod bolts because by measuring the stretch we really are measuring the load. Load is what is important and measuring stretch of a given size and configuration bolt will indicate how much load is stretching the bolt.
What are metal carbides and what is their significance? The strength of all alloy and carbon steels is derived from the metal carbides formed during the mill processing.
The carbon in steels combines with iron, vanadium and with chromium, as well as many other metal alloy additions to form compounds, which are a very hard phase within the iron matrix. Tool steels generally have high carbon content (above . What exactly is chromium? Chromium is a metal and is typically used for plating because it is shiny.
It is also used as an alloy addition to iron to form a stainless steel. A stainless steel must contain at least 1. Using 1. 8% chromium will make a more rust resisting stainless. Exposing any stainless to oxygen at temperatures above 1. What does it mean when a broken part looks crystallized?
When the fracture face has a rocky appearance it is because the material had a very large grain structure. Basically the grain grew during manufacturing due to poor technique and handling. A properly processed part will have a silky smooth appearance which is an indication of fine grain size. So crystallization does not occur as a result of load or fatigue – it was present in the material at the time of manufacture. Define “precipitation hardening” and “phase change.” The precipitation hardening comes from microscopic precipitation of hard phases which serve to keep rows of atoms from moving under stress.
Some metals undergo a change in atomic structure at high temperature. Alloy steels, which are bcc at room temperature, become fcc at temperatures above 1. This switch over is called a phase change. When cooled down they revert back to the bcc structure. Management of this phase is extremely critical and ARP maintains a complete in- house heat- treatment facility. It’s the only way we can assure material integrity.
What does a “face centered cubic” (fcc) atom arrangement look like? How many atoms? A face centered cubic arrangement of atoms (austenitic) looks like a Las Vegas die with a five showing on all six faces. This can’t be seen visually by any type of microscope. The number of atoms in any one cubic cell would be 1. How does a “body center cubic” (bcc) atom look? How many atoms? The body center cubic structure would look like a die with a four on all faces and one atom in the center of the cube.
The atomic arrangment of pure iron is bcc at room temperature and does not change until the temperature reaches 1. At this temperature it changes to austenite which is face center cubic (fcc). The addition of carbon to the iron lowers this transition temperature. This is the basis for heat treatment of steel. If the iron carbon alloy (steel) is quenched from the fcc field, the structure becomes martensite, a very hard strong condition. What does a “stainless steel” atom arrangement look like? How many atoms? A face centered cubic arrangement of atoms Stainless Steel 3.
But heavy reduction (power dumping), in the cross section, during forging causes a dramatic increase in strength. This is the process ARP uses to make 3. Stainless Steel reach 1. UTS. 1. 3. How do the space lattice or crystal structures appear? All grains or crystals are composed of atoms bound together in a definite pattern. These structures are called space lattice or crystal structures. At a fixed temperature, the atoms in an array are spaced a definite distance from one another, although they vibrate about their mean position.
Even though atoms are actually not held together in this manner, it is helpful to picture the crystals as a 3- dimensional latticework connected by imaginary lines. Metallurgists who primarily study ferrous metal are interested in only two basic crystal structures: bcc (body- centered cubic) and fcc (face- centered cubic). What are the metallurgical ramifications of “cold heading” vs. The temperatures used for hot forging will reduce the effect of work hardening. This is important for metals which derive much of their strength from the cold work. Cold heading produces a better product than hot heading.
The number and force of the blows of the cold heading machine can make a significant difference in the quality of the end product. Excessive numbers of blows can lead to voids in the bolt head. ARP, in fact, holds significant patents on cold heading procedures for the higher nickel and cobalt based alloys.
Our patented process begins with a softer wire that can be cold forged. The process work hardens the head and the under head area to the desired hardness. We then power extrude the front end to achieve the reduction and hardness in the shank resulting in a bolt with even strength and hardness from end to end. In a typical aerospace manufacturing process, these alloys are hot headed from bars, reduced in diameter from 4. Rockwell C4. 6 which is too hard for cold heading. So, the blanks are locally induction heated in a very narrow temperature envelope and hot headed.
The process reduces the hardness immediately in the area under the head approximately 3 to 5 points on the Rockwell C scale. Subsequent heat treatment does not restore this partially annealed area to full hardness and strength. The final result is a relatively soft- headed bolt. Therefore, this process is not used by ARP. What is the difference between the usage of “bar” material vs.
Wire is supplied in continuous coil form and is hundreds of feet in length. Bars are cut to length and the bolts are hot forged from these lengths. Wire on the other hand is fed into a cold header in a continuous manner.
What exactly is A2. And to what is it compared? A2. 86 is a 2. 5% nickel and 1. It is a true stainless steel due to the high chromium and it is austenitic due to the high nickel. A2. 86 was developed as a high temperature alloy for use in pre- jet aircraft engines. The strength level was only 1. Rocketdyne became interested in it for rocket engines being developed in the early 6.
But they required higher strength. We were part of the team that developed a thermo- mechanical method to produce a strength level of 2. This involved severe cold reduction after solution treatment and before aging.
An aerospace material spec (AMS) was then written requiring this treatment for 2. There is no other steel alloy, at this level, which can match A2.
Define “Power Dump.”This is a term used to define the heavy extrusion of the fastener body during forging. The part is forced into a die much smaller than the blank thereby causing a severe reduction in cross section area. This reduction of the cross sectional area is accompanied by an increase in length because metals can’t be compressed. However, power dumping or reduction, delivers a significant increase in strength properties and is part of the patented process we use to produce fasteners from 3. UTS and AMS 5. 84.
ARP 3. 5) with ultimate tensile strengths in the 2. UTS range with outstanding fatigue. What is the difference between 4. Both are alloy steels with similar chemistry.
The 4. 13. 0 has only . Also, 8. 74. 0 has about . Both have moly (most alloy steels have moly). The chromium content of 4.
However, 8. 74. 0 is generally considered to have slightly better toughness due to the nickel. What exactly is ARP2.
C4 Corvette . The first laptop computer is marketed by the Tandy Corporation. It is rumored that as many as forty- three were built and given unique serial numbers (they would later be re- tagged with new serial numbers that identified the same cars as 1. Corvettes), but were never released for sale in 1.
Although the 1. 98. Corvette met the emissions regulations requirements of the day, the development of electronic engine management was still in its infancy. Under- air ducting allowed for engine cooling. Other changes to the design of the C4 also helped differentiate the new Corvette from all of its predecessors. Replacing the grill was a pair of halogen fog/running lamps which were inspired by the Porsche 9.
European sports cars of that era). Another item that disappeared completely from the C4 Corvette’s design was the existence of actual bumpers on the car. While the new Corvette actually did have bumpers integrated into its design, (which were rated to absorb impact speeds of up to 5 miles per hour), it was done in such a way that they were not differentiated from the rest of the car, giving the car a “bumper- less” appearance. Still another item of interesting note was the evolution of the hideaway headlights. Perhaps worst of all though was the computer controlled overdrive option.
Gray, Saddle. 16. Bright Silver Metallic.
Alloy. Graphite, Medium Gray. Medium Grey Metallic.
Alloy. Graphite, Medium Gray. Black. 7,9. 06. Alloy. Carmine, Graphite, Med.
Gray, Saddle. 20. Light Blue Metallic. Alloy. Medium Blue. Medium Blue Metallic. Alloy. Medium Blue. Yellow. 1Alloy. Graphite.
Gold Metallic. 2,4. Alloy. Saddle. 63. Light Bronze Metallic. Alloy. Bronze. 66.
Dark Bronze Metallic. Alloy. Bronze. 72. Bright Red. 12,9. Alloy. Graphite, Saddle.
Silver/Medium Grey. Alloy. Graphite, Medium Gray. Light Blue/Medium Blue. Alloy. Medium Blue. Light Bronze/Dark Bronze. Alloy. Bronze. Exterior.
Interior. 19. 84 Corvette Powertrain Specifications. Engine: L8. 3 5. 7 OHV 3. V- 8. Cross- Fire Throttle Body Fuel Injection. Cylinders: V8. Cast Iron Alloy. Displacement: 5. 7 Litre/3. Cubic Inches. Bore & Stroke: 4. Valvetrain: OHV, 2 valves per cyl.
Cylinder Head Material: Cast Iron Alloy. Cylinder Block Deck Height: 9. Inches. Compression Ratio: 9.
Horsepower: 2. 05 HP @ 4,3. RPMTorque: 2. 90 lb- ft @ 2,8. Fuel Delivery: Cross- Fire Throttle Body F. I. Fuel Capacity: 2.
Gallons. Oil Capacity: 4. Quarts (Without Filter)Total Dressed Engine Weight (Dry): 5. LBS (AUTOMATIC), 5. LBS (MANUAL)Transmission: 4+3 Speed Manual (4 Speed Manual with Overdrive in 3rd and 4th), 4- Speed Automatic. Standard Axle Ratio: 2. Automatic), 3. 0.
Manual)1. 98. 5 Corvette Wheels, Suspension & Brakes. Suspension (Coupe)Front Suspension. Single fiberglass composite mono- leaf transverse spring with unequal- length aluminum control arms and stabilizer bar. Rear Suspension. Fully independent five- link system with transverse fiberglass single- leaf springs, aluminum upper/lower trailing links and strut- rod tie- rod assembly. Wheels & Tires (Coupe)Front Tires.
P2. 55 / 5. 0VR1. Rear Tires. P2. 55 / 5. VR1. 6Front Wheels. Wheels: 1. 6 x 8. Front Wheels. Wheels: 1. Brakes (Coupe)Front Brakes. Power Disc Brakes.
Rear Brakes. Power Disc Brakes. Corvette Performance Results. Performance. Results. MPH: 2. 4 Seconds. MPH: 7. 0 Seconds. MPH: 2. 2. 3 Seconds.
QUARTER MILE: 1. 5. Seconds @ 8. 8. 0 mph. TOP SPEED: 1. 40 MPH1. Corvette Exterior Dimensions. Coupe Dimensions. Exterior Dimensions (Coupe)Interior Dimensions (Coupe)Wheelbase: 9. Inches. Headroom: N/AOverall Length: 1.
Inches. Shoulder Room: N/ATotal Body Width: 7. Inches. Hip Room: N/AOverall Height: 4. Inches. Leg Room: N/AFront Track Width: 5. Inches. Rear Track Width: 6. Inches. Min. Ground Clearance.
Inches. Capacities. Capacities. Passenger Capacity. Driver & Passenger. Curb Weight (lbs)3,0. Interior Passenger Volume (cu.
Chevrolet. YY (Fourth & Fifth Digits)Make of Car. Y – Corvette (Note: In 1.
Y” was replaced with a “Z” on ZR- 1 models.)0. Sixth & Seventh Digit)Bodystyle of Car. Two Door Hatchback Coupe. Eighth Digit)Type of Engine.
L9. 8: 5. 7 Liter, 3. CI Engine with Tuned- Port Injection. Ninth Digit)Check Digit. E (Tenth Digit)The Model Year.
E – 1. 98. 45 (Eleventh Digit)Location of the Assembly Plant. Bowling Green, Kentucky.
XXXXX (Twelfth thru Seventeenth Digits)Production Sequence Numbers. The last six digits begin at 1.
Corvette Coupes built in 1. Each Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) is unique to an individual car. For all 1. 98. 4 Corvettes, the Vehicle Identification Number was stamped on a plate on the inner vertical surface of the left windshield pillar visible through the windshield. Corvette Factory Options.
CODE: DESCRIPTION: QUANTITY: RETAIL PRICE: 1. YY0. 7Base Corvette Sport Coupe. AG9. Power Driver Seat. AQ9. Sport Seats, Leather——AR9.
Base Seats, Leather—–$4. Sport Seats, Cloth. AU3. Power Door Locks. CC3. Removable Transparent Roof Panel. D8. 4Two- Tone Paint. FG3. Delco- Bilstein Shock Absorbers$1.
G9. 2Performance Axle Ratio. K3. 4Cruise Control. MM4. 4- Speed Manual Transmission. NN5. California Emissions Requirements.
UL5. Radio Delete. UM6. 2,9. 58$1. 22.
UN8. AM- FM Stereo, Citizens Band. UU8. Stereo System, Delco- Bose. V0. 8Heavy Duty Cooling. Z5. 1Performance Handling Package. Z6. APear Window + Side Mirror Defoggers. Base Corvette Roadster (1.
YY0. 7)The base price of the 1. Chevrolet Corvette Coupe without any optional equipment. The 1. 98. 4 Corvette was a complete redesign in almost every aspect.
A 3. 50 cubic inch, 2. Power Driver Seat (AG9)Optional, six- way, adjustable driver seat. Sports Seat, Cloth (AQ9)Special sport seats that featured inflatable lumbar support and power- adjusted side bolsters. Sport seats were available in cloth (featuring a different material than the base seats.)Base Seats, Leather (AR9)Leather cover option for the standard, base driver and passenger seats. Power Door Locks (AU3)Electronic locking system that replaced standard, manual door locks. Removable Transparent Roof Panel (CC3)Single piece glass roof panel that provides an “open air” feel while driving. All 1. 98. 4 Corvettes were designed with one- piece, lift- off roof panels and rear hatch windows.
At the time, the rear window glass was the largest compound glass ever installed in an American automobile. The front windshield was slanted at the greatest angle – 6. Two Tone Paint (D8. Optional paint scheme that included the option of three, different, two- tone paint combinations. Options included Silver/Grey, Light Blue/Medium Blue, and Light Bronze/Dark Bronze. Delco- Belstein Shock Absorbers (FG3)Gas shock absorbers with valving revised for improved ride. The FG3 option offered the Z5.
Z5. 1 suspension package. A joint venture between AC- Delco and premium shock manufacturer Bilstein, these stiffer shocks offered a firmer ride and improved handling characteristics. Performance Axle Ratio (G9. Optional performance axle ratio of 3. Was only offered when the Corvette was ordered with an automatic transmission. The actual “Performance Axle Ratio” varied from year to year.
The G9. 2 Option was available when ordering either the Corvette or the Camaro throughout the 1. Engine Oil Cooler (KC4)Internal cooler used to cool internal components of the automobile’s internal combustion engine. Cruise Control (K3. Automatic electric cruise control with “resume” and “accelerate” options. Speed Manual Transmission (MM4)Optional manual transmission that was offered as a zero dollar upgrade.
A “4+3”, 4 speed manual transmission that was originally developed and built by Doug Nash Company. The “4+3” transmission had overdrives in the top three gears for improved fuel economy. It was not available early in the production year. P2. 55/5. 0VR1. 6 Tire /1. The Affected Filters Are Marked With A Date Code A6. Through A7. 25. 71 Sequentially. The Date Code And Part Number Appear On The Filter Housing.
Fram Racing Hp. 4 And Hp. Oil Filters Not Bearing A Date Code In This Range Are Not Affected By This Recall. The Gasket Of The Oil Filter Becomes More Pliable Under High Temperatures And Pressures. Consequence: This Condition May Cause Inadequate Sealing And Loss Of Engine Oil, Possibly Resulting In A Fire.
Remedy: Honeywell Will Replace The Affected Oil Filters Free Of Charge. The Recall Began During November 2. Owners Can Contact Fram Customer Service Toll- free At 1- 8. Notes: Customers May Contact The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Vehicle Safety Hotline At 1- 8.
Tty: 1- 8. 00- 4. Or Go To Http: //www. Recall 8. 3V0. 64. Make: Chevrolet. Model: Corvette.
Model Year: 1. 98. Manufacturer: General Motors Corp. Mfr’s Report Date: Jul 0. Nhtsa Campaign Id Number: 8. V0. 64. 00. 0Nhtsa Action Number: N/a. Component: Service Brakes, Hydraulic: foundation Components: disc: caliper. Potential Number Of Units Affected: 9.
Summary: Attaching Bolts Were Mistakenly Coated With A Slippery Material During Production. This Material Will Act As A Lubricant And Bolts May Loosen And Eventually Fall Off. Consequence: Remedy: Dealer Will Install New Caliper Bracket Bolts Free Of Charge. Notes: Vehicle Description: Passenger Vehicles. Service Brakes; Front Brake Caliper Bracket To Steering Knuckle attaching Bolt.
Of Defect: The Front Brake Assembly Could Become Partially separated From The Knuckle Assembly, Causing The Wheel To Lock. Loss Of Vehicle control Without Prior Warning And An Accident Could Result. Recall 8. 3v. 08. Make: Chevrolet. Model: Corvette.
Model Year: 1. 98. Manufacturer: General Motors Corp.
Mfr’s Report Date: Aug 2. Nhtsa Campaign Id Number: 8. Nhtsa Action Number: N/a.
Component: Electrical System: Battery: cables. Potential Number Of Units Affected: 1. Summary: The Insulation Of The Battery Cable, Because Of Its Position, Rubs Against Some Of The Engine Wiring Components. Once The Insulation Is Worn Through, The Battery Could Rapidly Discharge.